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Julius Rosenberg
In 1936, Ethel met Julius Rosenberg, an engineering student who had grown up only a few blocks from Ethel. He was an active Communist Party member, and Ethel became involved in the party’s work. They married in 1939 after Julius graduated, and they moved to Brooklyn. Julius found a job with the United States Signal Corps. Both Ethel’s younger brother, David, and his wife, Ruth, who married in 1942, also joined the Communist Party.
In 1943, the first of the Rosenbergs’ two children were born, Ethel quit her job and the Rosenbergs stopped being active in the Party. That same year, David Greenglass joined the Army, and worked on the Manhattan Project, first in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and then near Los Alamos, New Mexico.
Julius was fired from the Signal Corps when his membership in the Communist Party was discovered. He started his own shop and brought in Ethel’s brother David. In 1947, the Rosenbergs had a second son, and in 1950, David Greenglass and his wife left the business and moved to the west.
Soviet Spies
Soviet diplomat – and KGB agent -- Anatole Yakovtev accidentally revealed intelligence activity involving David Greenglass. According to later testimony – always disputed by Ethel and Julius -- Julius had begun spying for the Soviets, and had recruited first Ruth Greenglass to provide a safe place for photography work. Then, when the Soviets realized David’s involvement with nuclear weapon development, David had been brought into the scheme to pass information to Harry Gold, a Swiss immigrant, who was under investigation and had confessed to working with a scientist on the Manhattan project, Dr. Karl Fuchs.
At the time, Senator Joseph McCarthy was calling for rooting out Communist sympathizers in the federal government, and FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover took the opportunity of Fuchs’ arrest to pursue possible spies.
David Greenglass, interrogated by the FBI, was promised a lighter sentence if he gave evidence against his sister and her husband. Both David and his wife gave evidence. Greenglass received a sentence of 15 years. Ruth Greenglass was never prosecuted.
Greenglass testified that during World War II, Julius began spying for the KGB, the Soviet intelligence service, and that Julius persuaded Greenglass to provide information to him on an atomic bomb project at Los Alamos, New Mexico.
In July, 1950, Julius Rosenberg was arrested. Ethel Rosenberg was arrested 25 days later. The FBI pressured Ethel to turn on her husband, but both continued to maintain their complete innocence.
On Trial for Conspiracy
The Rosenbergs were charged by a grand jury on August 17, 1950, with conspiracy to commit espionage. The only charge against Ethel was typing the information passed from David Greenglass to Julius Rosenberg – and this allegation came from David’s wife. The press ran many stories, mostly unfavorable to the Rosenbergs.
During the jury trial, no hard evidence was found or offered against the Rosenbergs. A table supposedly given to them as a reward by the Soviets turned out to be purchased for under $15 from Macys. The circumstantial evidence included the testimony of David Greenglass and his wife, Harry Gold, and a college roommate of Julius, Max Elitcher. Elitcher testified that Julius had asked him to obtain classified information several times, though no documents were ever passed. A third defendant, Max Sobell, charged as a co-conspirator, was also included in the trial, but he did not testify.
The prosecution was criticized for being unfair – for example, the word “treasonous” had been used in the prosecutor’s address to the jury, although the Rosenbergs were not charged with treason. The prosecutor had also announced to the media the possession of “conclusive proof” from a witness who was never put on the stand, after that witness admitted he had lied in the affidavits he provided.
The evidence that seemed most persuasive to the jury was that Julius Rosenberg attempted to obtain a passport, right after Dr. Fuchs’ had confessed to his role in spying. The only evidence against Ethel Rosenberg was Ruth Greenglass’ testimony that she had typed notes. The Rosenbergs were convicted and given the death sentence in March, 1951. The judge, in pronouncing the sentence, cited the Korean War’s casualties as a direct effect of the Soviets gaining the ability to produce an atomic bomb – even though that had not been a crime with which the Rosenbergs were charged.
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